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# getaddrinfo

    GETADDRINFO(3)          System Library Functions Manual         GETADDRINFO(3)

    NAME
         getaddrinfo, freeaddrinfo, gai_strerror - nodename-to-address translation
         in protocol-independent manner

    SYNOPSIS
         #include <sys/types.h>
         #include <sys/socket.h>
         #include <netdb.h>

         int
         getaddrinfo(const char *nodename, const char *servname,
                 const struct addrinfo *hints, struct addrinfo **res);

         void
         freeaddrinfo(struct addrinfo *ai);

         char *
         gai_strerror(int ecode);

    DESCRIPTION
         The getaddrinfo() function is defined for protocol-independent nodename-
         to-address translation.  It performs the functionality of
         gethostbyname(3) and getservbyname(3), but in a more sophisticated man-
         ner.

         The addrinfo structure is defined as a result of including the <netdb.h>
         header:

         struct addrinfo {                                                  *
              int     ai_flags;     /* AI_PASSIVE, AI_CANONNAME, AI_NUMERICHOST */
              int     ai_family;    /* PF_xxx */
              int     ai_socktype;  /* SOCK_xxx */
              int     ai_protocol;  /* 0 or IPPROTO_xxx for IPv4 and IPv6 */
              size_t  ai_addrlen;   /* length of ai_addr */
              char   *ai_canonname; /* canonical name for nodename */
              struct sockaddr  *ai_addr; /* binary address */
              struct addrinfo  *ai_next; /* next structure in linked list */
         };

         The nodename and servname arguments are pointers to NUL-terminated
         strings or NULL.  One or both of these two arguments must be a non-null
         pointer.  In the normal client scenario, both the nodename and servname
         are specified.  In the normal server scenario, only the servname is spec-
         ified.  A non-null nodename string can be either a node name or a numeric
         host address string (i.e., a dotted-decimal IPv4 address or an IPv6 hex
         address).  A non-null servname string can be either a service name or a
         decimal port number.

         The caller can optionally pass an addrinfo structure, pointed to by the
         third argument, to provide hints concerning the type of socket that the
         caller supports.  In this hints structure all members other than
         ai_flags, ai_family, ai_socktype, and ai_protocol must be zero or a null
         pointer.  A value of PF_UNSPEC for ai_family means the caller will accept
         any protocol family.  A value of 0 for ai_socktype means the caller will
         accept any socket type.  A value of 0 for ai_protocol means the caller
         will accept any protocol.  For example, if the caller handles only TCP
         and not UDP, then the ai_socktype member of the hints structure should be
         set to SOCK_STREAM when getaddrinfo() is called.  If the caller handles
         only IPv4 and not IPv6, then the ai_family member of the hints structure
         should be set to PF_INET when getaddrinfo() is called.  If the third
         argument to getaddrinfo() is a null pointer, this is the same as if the
         caller had filled in an addrinfo structure initialized to zero with
         ai_family set to PF_UNSPEC.

         Upon successful return a pointer to a linked list of one or more addrinfo
         structures is returned through the final argument.  The caller can pro-
         cess each addrinfo structure in this list by following the ai_next
         pointer, until a null pointer is encountered.  In each returned addrinfo
         structure the three members ai_family, ai_socktype, and ai_protocol are
         the corresponding arguments for a call to the socket() function.  In each
         addrinfo structure the ai_addr member points to a filled-in socket
         address structure whose length is specified by the ai_addrlen member.

         If the AI_PASSIVE bit is set in the ai_flags member of the hints struc-
         ture, then the caller plans to use the returned socket address structure
         in a call to bind().  In this case, if the nodename argument is a null
         pointer, then the IP address portion of the socket address structure will
         be set to INADDR_ANY for an IPv4 address or IN6ADDR_ANY_INIT for an IPv6
         address.

         If the AI_PASSIVE bit is not set in the ai_flags member of the hints
         structure, then the returned socket address structure will be ready for a
         call to connect() (for a connection-oriented protocol) or either
         connect(), sendto(), or sendmsg() (for a connectionless protocol).  In
         this case, if the nodename argument is a null pointer, then the IP
         address portion of the socket address structure will be set to the loop-
         back address.

         If the AI_CANONNAME bit is set in the ai_flags member of the hints struc-
         ture, then upon successful return the ai_canonname member of the first
         addrinfo structure in the linked list will point to a NUL-terminated
         string containing the canonical name of the specified nodename.

         If the AI_NUMERICHOST bit is set in the ai_flags member of the hints
         structure, then a non-null nodename string must be a numeric host address
         string.  Otherwise an error of EAI_NONAME is returned.  This flag pre-
         vents any type of name resolution service (e.g., the DNS) from being
         called.

         The arguments to getaddrinfo() must sufficiently be consistent and unam-
         biguous.  Here are pitfall cases you may encounter:

         o   getaddrinfo() will raise an error if members of the hints structure
             are not consistent.  For example, for internet address families,
             getaddrinfo() will raise an error if you specify SOCK_STREAM to
             ai_socktype while you specify IPPROTO_UDP to ai_protocol.

         o   If you specify a servname which is defined only for certain
             ai_socktype, getaddrinfo() will raise an error because the arguments
             are not consistent.  For example, getaddrinfo() will raise an error
             if you ask for ``tftp'' service on SOCK_STREAM.

         o   For internet address families, if you specify servname while you set
             ai_socktype to SOCK_RAW, getaddrinfo() will raise an error, because
             service names are not defined for the internet SOCK_RAW space.

         o   If you specify a numeric servname, while leaving ai_socktype and
             ai_protocol unspecified, getaddrinfo() will raise an error.  This is
             because the numeric servname does not identify any socket type, and
             getaddrinfo() is not allowed to glob the argument in such case.

         All of the information returned by getaddrinfo() is dynamically allo-
         cated: the addrinfo structures, the socket address structures, and canon-
         ical node name strings pointed to by the addrinfo structures.  To return
         this information to the system the function freeaddrinfo() is called.
         The addrinfo structure pointed to by the ai argument is freed, along with
         any dynamic storage pointed to by the structure.  This operation is
         repeated until a NULL ai_next pointer is encountered.

         To aid applications in printing error messages based on the EAI_xxx codes
         returned by getaddrinfo(), gai_strerror() is defined.  The argument is
         one of the EAI_xxx values defined earlier and the return value points to
         a string describing the error.  If the argument is not one of the EAI_xxx
         values, the function still returns a pointer to a string whose contents
         indicate an unknown error.

       Extension for scoped IPv6 address
         The implementation allows experimental numeric IPv6 address notation with
         scope identifier.  By appending the percent character and scope identi-
         fier to addresses, you can fill sin6_scope_id field for addresses.  This
         would make management of scoped address easier, and allows cut-and-paste
         input of scoped address.

         At this moment the code supports only link-local addresses with the for-
         mat.  Scope identifier is hardcoded to name of hardware interface associ-
         ated with the link.  (such as ne0).  Example would be like
         ``fe80::1%ne0'', which means ``fe80::1 on the link associated with ne0
         interface''.

         The implementation is still very experimental and non-standard.  The cur-
         rent implementation assumes one-by-one relationship between interface and
         link, which is not necessarily true from the specification.

    EXAMPLES
         The following code tries to connect to ``www.kame.net'' service ``http''.
         via stream socket.  It loops through all the addresses available, regard-
         less from address family.  If the destination resolves to IPv4 address,
         it will use AF_INET socket.  Similarly, if it resolves to IPv6, AF_INET6
         socket is used.  Observe that there is no hardcoded reference to particu-
         lar address family.  The code works even if getaddrinfo returns addresses
         that are not IPv4/v6.

               struct addrinfo hints, *res, *res0;
               int error;
               int s;
               const char *cause = NULL;

               memset(&hints, 0, sizeof(hints));
               hints.ai_family = PF_UNSPEC;
               hints.ai_socktype = SOCK_STREAM;
               error = getaddrinfo("www.kame.net", "http", &hints, &res0);
               if (error) {
                       errx(1, "%s", gai_strerror(error));
                       /*NOTREACHED*/
               }
               s = -1;
               for (res = res0; res; res = res->ai_next) {
                       s = socket(res->ai_family, res->ai_socktype,
                           res->ai_protocol);
                       if (s < 0) {
                               cause = "socket";
                               continue;
                       }

                       if (connect(s, res->ai_addr, res->ai_addrlen) < 0) {
                               cause = "connect";
                               close(s);
                               s = -1;
                               continue;
                       }

                       break;  /* okay we got one */
               }
               if (s < 0) {
                       err(1, cause);
                       /*NOTREACHED*/
               }
               freeaddrinfo(res0);

         The following example tries to open a wildcard listening socket onto ser-
         vice ``http'', for all the address families available.

               struct addrinfo hints, *res, *res0;
               int error;
               int s[MAXSOCK];
               int nsock;
               const char *cause = NULL;

               memset(&hints, 0, sizeof(hints));
               hints.ai_family = PF_UNSPEC;
               hints.ai_socktype = SOCK_STREAM;
               hints.ai_flags = AI_PASSIVE;
               error = getaddrinfo(NULL, "http", &hints, &res0);
               if (error) {
                       errx(1, "%s", gai_strerror(error));
                       /*NOTREACHED*/
               }
               nsock = 0;
               for (res = res0; res && nsock < MAXSOCK; res = res->ai_next) {
                       s[nsock] = socket(res->ai_family, res->ai_socktype,
                           res->ai_protocol);
                       if (s[nsock] < 0) {
                               cause = "socket";
                               continue;
                       }

                       if (bind(s[nsock], res->ai_addr, res->ai_addrlen) < 0) {
                               cause = "bind";
                               close(s[nsock]);
                               continue;
                       }
                       (void) listen(s[nsock], 5);

                       nsock++;
               }
               if (nsock == 0) {
                       err(1, cause);
                       /*NOTREACHED*/
               }
               freeaddrinfo(res0);

    DIAGNOSTICS
         Error return status from getaddrinfo() is zero on success and non-zero on
         errors.  Non-zero error codes are defined in <netdb.h>, and as follows:

         EAI_ADDRFAMILY  Address family for nodename not supported.
         EAI_AGAIN       Temporary failure in name resolution.
         EAI_BADFLAGS    Invalid value for ai_flags.
         EAI_FAIL        Non-recoverable failure in name resolution.
         EAI_FAMILY      ai_family not supported.
         EAI_MEMORY      Memory allocation failure.
         EAI_NODATA      No address associated with nodename.
         EAI_NONAME      nodename nor servname provided, or not known.
         EAI_SERVICE     servname not supported for ai_socktype.
         EAI_SOCKTYPE    ai_socktype not supported.
         EAI_SYSTEM      System error returned in errno.

         If called with proper argument, gai_strerror() returns a pointer to a
         string describing the given error code.  If the argument is not one of
         the EAI_xxx values, the function still returns a pointer to a string
         whose contents indicate an unknown error.

    SEE ALSO
         getnameinfo(3), gethostbyname(3), getservbyname(3), hosts(5),
         resolv.conf(5), services(5), hostname(7), named(8)

         R. Gilligan, S. Thomson, J. Bound, and W. Stevens, Basic Socket Interface
         Extensions for IPv6, RFC2553, March 1999.

         Tatsuya Jinmei and Atsushi Onoe, An Extension of Format for IPv6 Scoped
         Addresses, internet draft, draft-ietf-ipngwg-scopedaddr-format-02.txt,
         work in progress material.

         Craig Metz, "Protocol Independence Using the Sockets API", Proceedings of
         the freenix track: 2000 USENIX annual technical conference, June 2000.

    HISTORY
         The implementation first appeared in WIDE Hydrangea IPv6 protocol stack
         kit.

    STANDARDS
         The getaddrinfo() function is defined in IEEE POSIX 1003.1g draft speci-
         fication, and documented in ``Basic Socket Interface Extensions for
         IPv6'' (RFC2553).

    BUGS
         The current implementation is not thread-safe.

         The text was shamelessly copied from RFC2553.

    BSD                              May 25, 1995                              BSD

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